In-depth ENT surgical and clinical articles — anatomy, physiology, diagnostic technique, and exam-prep guides.https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/en-gbhttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/house-brackmann-grading/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/house-brackmann-grading/The House-Brackmann scale is the standard six-grade system for documenting facial nerve function. Published in 1985 and adopted by the AAO-HNS as the universal reporting standard, it grades from Grade I (normal) to Grade VI (complete paralysis). Understanding the exact distinguishing features of each grade — and which thresholds have direct management implications — is essential for anyone assessing facial palsy.Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/facial-nerve-branches/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/facial-nerve-branches/The facial nerve gives off branches at fixed, predictable points along its intratemporal and extratemporal course. Each intratemporal branch is a localisation marker — knowing which functions are intact above a palsy identifies exactly where the lesion sits. This article covers every branch, its clinical function, and its surgical significance.Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/noise-induced-hearing-loss/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/noise-induced-hearing-loss/Noise-induced hearing loss is the most preventable cause of sensorineural hearing loss. This article covers the hair cell damage mechanism, the characteristic 4 kHz audiometric notch, the difference between temporary and permanent threshold shift, and hearing conservation principles.Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/tuning-fork-tests-rinne-weber/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/tuning-fork-tests-rinne-weber/Rinne and Weber tests are the core bedside assessment of hearing type — but only if performed correctly and interpreted together. This article covers the technique, physiology, interpretation, and common pitfalls including the false-positive Rinne in dead ears.Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/how-to-examine-the-ear/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/how-to-examine-the-ear/A step-by-step guide to ear examination — auricle inspection, otoscopy technique, tympanic membrane interpretation by quadrant, and tuning fork tests — everything a student needs to examine a patient's ear competently.Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/anatomy-of-the-nose/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/anatomy-of-the-nose/The anatomy of the external nose, nasal cavity, septum, turbinates, blood supply (Little's area / Kiesselbach's plexus), and nerve supply — the structural foundation for understanding epistaxis, rhinitis, obstruction, and nasal surgery.Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/wullstein-classification-tympanoplasty/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/wullstein-classification-tympanoplasty/The Wullstein classification describes five types of tympanoplasty based on what ossicular structures remain intact. Understanding the types requires knowing the middle ear anatomy each reconstruction is designed to restore.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/vestibular-physiology/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/vestibular-physiology/The physiology of the vestibular system — how the semicircular canals detect rotation, how the otolith organs sense gravity and linear movement, and how the vestibulo-ocular and vestibulospinal reflexes maintain gaze and posture.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/types-of-hearing-loss/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/types-of-hearing-loss/A clear breakdown of the three types of hearing loss — conductive, sensorineural, and mixed — covering their causes, audiogram patterns, clinical findings, and the key thresholds every student needs to know.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/presbycusis-age-related-hearing-loss/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/presbycusis-age-related-hearing-loss/Presbycusis is the most common cause of hearing loss in adults globally. This article covers Schuknecht's four histological types, the audiometric pattern, the relationship between pure tone thresholds and speech discrimination, and the functional impact.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/otosclerosis-presentation-and-diagnosis/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/otosclerosis-presentation-and-diagnosis/Otosclerosis is the most common cause of progressive conductive hearing loss in adults without ear disease. This article covers the pathology, clinical presentation, audiometric pattern including Carhart's notch, and the diagnostic workup.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/how-we-hear-impedance-matching/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/how-we-hear-impedance-matching/The physiology of hearing explained from first principles — the impedance mismatch problem, how the middle ear solves it, the travelling wave, and how the cochlea converts mechanical energy into neural signals.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/how-to-read-a-tympanogram/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/how-to-read-a-tympanogram/Tympanometry measures the compliance of the middle ear system as a function of ear canal pressure. This guide explains the axes, the Jerger types (A, As, Ad, B, C), acoustic reflexes, and how to correlate the findings with common diagnoses.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/how-to-read-a-pure-tone-audiogram/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/how-to-read-a-pure-tone-audiogram/A complete guide to interpreting pure tone audiograms — the axes, symbols, normal range, air-bone gap, hearing loss patterns, and degree classification every clinician needs to know.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/facial-nerve-anatomy-and-course/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/facial-nerve-anatomy-and-course/The complete course of the facial nerve from its pontine nucleus to the facial musculature — segments, branches, surgical landmarks, and the clinical consequences of lesions at each level.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/complications-of-csom/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/complications-of-csom/A structured guide to the extracranial and intracranial complications of chronic suppurative otitis media — causes, clinical features, named syndromes, and the key exam findings.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/cholesteatoma-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/cholesteatoma-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters/Cholesteatoma is not a tumour but is treated like one — it is expanding keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear that destroys bone. This article covers its types, mechanism of destruction, presentation, and why early surgery is essential.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/bppv-diagnosis-and-epley-manoeuvre/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/bppv-diagnosis-and-epley-manoeuvre/Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the most common cause of vertigo worldwide. This guide covers the canalith mechanism, Dix-Hallpike test, nystagmus interpretation, and the Epley manoeuvre step by step.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/approach-to-vertigo/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/approach-to-vertigo/A systematic approach to the vertiginous patient — how to distinguish peripheral from central causes, use the history to narrow the differential, apply the HINTS examination, and know when vertigo is a neurological emergency.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/anatomy-of-the-ear/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/anatomy-of-the-ear/A complete structural guide to the three compartments of the ear — the outer ear, middle ear cleft, and inner ear — covering their components, boundaries, and clinical relevance.Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/rinne-and-weber-test/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/rinne-and-weber-test/A complete guide to tuning fork tests — technique, interpretation, the clinical patterns table, false negative Rinne, and the exam traps that trip students up every year.Wed, 24 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/landmarks-of-the-mesotympanum/https://nareseal.com/atlas/articles/landmarks-of-the-mesotympanum/A structured walkthrough of the key anatomical landmarks inside the mesotympanum, their surgical significance, and the orientation frameworks that help surgeons navigate when disease has distorted normal anatomy.Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT